| Supraventricular tachycardia: causes |
| SNAP S inus tachy N odal tachy A fib P aroxysmal atrial tachy |
| Supraventricular tachycardia: treatment |
| ABCDE A denosine B eta-blocker C alcium channel antagonist D igoxin E xcitation (vagal stimulation) |
| Ventricular tachycardia: treatment |
| LAMB L idocaine A miodarone M exiltene/ Magnesium B eta-blocker |
| Splinter haemorrhages |
| TRIP SAM T rauma R A I nfective Endo P AN S LE / Sepsis A naemia (profound) M alignancy (haematological) |
| Rheumatic fever: Jones major criteria |
| CASES C arditis A rthritis (migratory) S ubcut nodules E rythema marginatum S yndenhams chorea |
| Rheumatic fever: Jones major criteria |
| JONES J oints (migrating polyarthritis) O bvious, the heart (carditis, pancarditis, pericarditis, endocarditis or valvulits) N odes (subcutaneous nodules) E rythema marginatum S ydenham's chorea |
| Rheumatic fever: Jones minor criteria |
| 4PA P yrexia P rolonged PR P ast Hx P ositive (ie ?)ESR/CRP A rthralgia |
| Rheumatic fever: Jones minor criteria |
| CAFE PAL C RP increased A rthralgia F ever E levated ESR P rolonged PR interval A namnesis of rheumatism L eucocytosis |
| Rheumatic fever: Jones major criteria |
| CASES C arditis A rthritis (migratory) S ubcut nodules E rythema marginatum S yndenhams chorea |
| Postural hypotension |
| HANDI H ypovolaemia / hypopituitarism A ddisons N europathy (autonomic) D rugs (vasodilators / TCADs, diuretics, antipsychotics) I diopathic |
| Pericarditis |
| DRUMSTICX D resslers R h fever /R A U raemia M I S LE T rauma I diopathic C oxsackie X –ray |
| Occlusive arterial disease |
| 6Ps P ain P allor P ulseless P arasthesia P aralysis P erishing with cold |
| Myocardial infarction: symptoms |
| PULSE P ersistant chest pain U pset stomach L ightheadedness S hortness of breath E xcessive sweating |
| Myocardial infarction: treatment of acute MI |
| COAG C yclomorph O xygen A spirin G lycerol trinitrate |
| Myocardial infarction: therapeutic treatment |
| ROAMBAL R eassure O xygen A spirin M orphine (diamorphine) B eta blocker A rthroplasty L ignocaine |
| Myocardial infarction: basic management |
| BOOMAR B ed rest O xygen O piate M onitor A nticoagulate R educe clot size |
| Myocardial infarction: treatment |
| INFARCTIONS I V access N arcotic analgesics (e.g. morphine, pethidine) F acilities for defibrillation (DF) A spirin/A nticoagulant (heparin) R est C onverting enzyme inhibitor T hrombolysis I V beta-blocker O xygen 60% N itrates S tool softeners |
| Myocardial infarction: complications |
| ABCDE x2 A rrhythmias/A neurysm B radycardia/BP lower C ardiac failure/C ardiac tamponade D resslers /D eath E mbolism /E xtra (VSD, pap muscle rupture) |
| Murmurs: questions to ask |
| SCRIPT S ite C haracter (e.g. harsh, soft, blowing) R adiation I ntensity P itch T iming |
| Murmur attributes |
| IL PQRST ("Person has ill PQRST heart waves") I ntensity L ocation P itch Q uality R adiation S hape T iming |
| Mitral stenosis (MS) vs. mitral regurgitation (MR): epidemiology |
| MS is a female title (Ms.) and it is female predominant. MR is a male title (Mr.) and it is male predominant. |
| Mitral stenosis: complications |
| PASTRI P ulm BP up A fib S ystemic embolism T ricuspid regurg R ight heart failure I nfective endocarditis |
| LVF: management |
| FOAM F rusemide 40mg iv O xygen A trovent (& Ventolin) nebs M orphine 2.5 – 5 mg |
| JVP: characteristics of |
| MOP HAIR M ultiple wave form O ccludable P ostural changes H epatojugular reflex A bove (fills from) I mpalpable R espiratory changes |
| JVP: wave form |
| ASK ME A trial contraction S ystole (ventricular contraction) K losure (closure) of tricusps, so atrial filling M aximal atrial filling E mptying of atrium |
| Heart valves |
| LAB RAT Left Atrium: Bicuspid Right Atrium:Tricuspid |
| In case of high LDL |
| STArT with STATins |
| Heart sounds: 4th heart sound |
| SHIT S tenosis (aortic/pulmonary) H ypertension/Heart Block I schaemic HD T amponade |
| Heart sounds: 3rd heart sound |
| FIPPY F ailure I ncompetence (mitral/tricuspid) P regnancy/Pill P E/Pericarditis Y outh |
| Heart compensatory mechanisms that "save" organ blood flow during shock |
| "Heart SAVER" S ymphatoadrenal system A trial natriuretic factor V asopressin E ndogenous digitalis-like factor R enin-angiotensin-aldosterone system |
| EMD arrest |
| 4Hs 4Ts H ypothermia H ypo & hyper-electrolytes H ypovolaemia H ypoxia T oxic (including drugs) T rauma T amponade T ension pneumothorax |
| ECG: exercise ramp contraindications |
| RAMP R ecent MI A ortic stenosis M I in the last 7 days P ulmonary hypertension |
| ECG: pulseless electrical activity causes |
| PATCH MED P ulmonary embolus A cidosis T ension pneumothorax C ardiac tamponade H ypokalemia/H yperkalemia/H ypoxia/H ypothermia/H ypovolemia M yocardial infarction E lectrolyte derangements D rugs |
| ECG: ST elevation |
| ELEVATION E lectrolytes L BBB (Left Bundle Branch Block) E arly Repolarization V entricular hypertrophy A neurysm T reatment (eg pacemaker, pericardiocentesis) I njury (AMI, contusion) O sborne waves (hypothermia) N on-occlusive vasospasm (prinzmetal’s) |
| ECG: T-wave inversion causes |
| INVERT I schemia N ormality [esp. young, black] V entricular hypertrophy E ctopic foci [eg calcified plaques] R BBB, LBBB T reatments [digoxin] |
| ECG: left vs. right bundle block |
| "WiLLiaM MaRRoW" W pattern in V1-V2 and M pattern in V3-V6 is Left bundle block. M pattern in V1-V2 and W in V3-V6 is Right bundle block. Note: consider bundle branch blocks when QRS complex is wide |
| ECG: causes of ST-segment depression |
| DEPRESSED ST D rooping valve (MVP) E nlargement of LV with strain P otassium loss (hypokalemia) R eciprocal ST-depression (in I/W AMI) E mbolism in lungs (pulmonary embolism) S ubendocardial ischemia S ubendocardial infarct E ncephalon haemorrhage (intracranial haemorrhage) D ilated cardiomyopathy S hock T oxicity of digitalis, quinidine |
| Cyanotic heart diseases |
| 1-2-3-4-5-T's Truncus Arteriosus (1 vessel) Transposition of the 2 great vessels Tricuspid atresia Tetralogy of Fallot Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (has 5 words) |
| Coronary artery disease: risk factors |
| HOPEFULSSS H TN O besity P VD E levated LDL F MH U p glucose - DM L ow HDL S moking S ex - male S edentary life style |
| Coronary artery bypass graft: indications |
| DUST D epressed ventricular function U nstable angina S tenosis of the left main stem T riple vessel disease |
| Congestive heart failure: causes of exacerbation |
| FAILURE F orgot medication A rrhythmia/A naemia I schemia/I nfarction/I nfection L ifestyle: taking too much salt U pregulation of CO: pregnancy, hyperthyroidism R enal failure E mbolism: pulmonary |
| PAD HIM P hysiological (athlete, sleep) /p aroxysmal A V block (2°II, 3°) D rugs (beta, dig, amiodarone) H ypothyroid /h ypothermia I cteric (severe) M I |
| Beta receptor activity |
| "1 heart, 2 lungs" Beta-1 receptors are primarily on the heart, and the airway is Beta-2 receptors |
| Beta-blockers: cardioselective beta-blockers |
| "Beta-blockers Acting Exclusively At Myocardium" B etaxolol A cebutelol E smolol A tenolol M etoprolol |
| Beck's triad (cardiac tamponade) |
| 3Ds D istant heart sounds D istended jugular veins D ecreased arterial pressure |
| Atrial fibrillation: management |
| ABCD A nti-coagulate B eta-blocker to control rate C ardiovert D igoxin |
| Atrial fibrillation: causes |
| ARITHMATIC A lcohol R h fever I HD T hyrotoxicosis H ypertension M itral stenosis/M I /M yxoma (atrial) A SD T oxins I diopathic/I nfective endocarditis C ardiomyopathy/Constrictive pericarditis |
